Key to Nature es un proyecto europeo que tiene como objetivo la implementación de herramientas digitales para la enseñanza de la biodiversidad. Participan en él 14 instituciones públicas y privadas de 11 países europeos, representando diferentes roles, como proveer datos (Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid, Museo de Historia Natural de Londres entre otros), y ofrecer las últimas innovaciones en aprendizaje digital (Centro de Investigación de “Usabilidad” de la Universidad de Lovaina, Bélgica, Giunti Labs, Italia...). El proyecto, de 4,8 millones de (...) presupuesto de los cuales la mitad los financia la Comunidad Europea, tiene una duración de tres años y se encuentra ahora concluyendo el primero. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Editors' IntroductionAlan D. Schrift and Shannon SullivanThe articles in this special issue of the Journal of Speculative Philosophy were selected from revised versions of papers that were originally presented at the sixtieth annual meeting of the Society for Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy (SPEP) at Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas October 13–15, 2022.Michael Hardt of Duke University and Patricia Pisters of the University of Amsterdam gave the SPEP (...) 2022 Plenary Addresses, and we are grateful to be able to include their plenary papers in this special issue. Hardt's paper, "The Politics of Articulation and Strategic Multiplicities," treated SPEP members to an early peek at his newest book, The Subversive 70s (Oxford University Press, 2023). In this work, Hardt digs into the powerful resources for social movements that activists and theorists from the 1970s developed. As he argues, in many ways those activists and thinkers were ahead of their times—and also ahead of ours—in understanding how to analyze interwoven multiplicities of power and how to articulate and organize liberation struggles based on those multiplicities. Hardt brilliantly demonstrates how analyzing the progressive and revolutionary social [End Page 237] movements of the '70s can help us not only understand the roots of contemporary social and political struggles but also reclaim critical resources for those struggles.Patricia Pisters's paper, "Thinking with Fire: Elemental Philosophy and Media Technology," draws upon Gaston Bachelard's "fire complexes" to address a variety of pyrotechnical images appearing in contemporary cinema. Noting that elemental philosophy is on the rise in media studies and elsewhere, not least because of current environmental crises, fire is particularly engaging for its metaphorical, "matterphorical," and technological associations. While acknowledging fire as a material medium—cooking, heating, burning, etc.—Pisters's primary focus in her paper is on fire as an immaterial medium, and it is here that she turns to Bachelard's constellation of fire complexes—the Empedocles, Prometheus, and Novalis Complexes—to which she adds her own fourth complex, the Sita Complex. With these complexes, she provides readings of four cinematic productions that elucidate the annihilating, transgressive, sexual, and purifying qualities of fire, and she suggests that these entangled fire complexes present different kinds of combustive knowledge in which the element of fire manifests itself as material phenomenon of nature, the engine for modern life, and immaterial affective reverie of destruction, transgression, and sexuality.The other articles in this special issue have been organized according to five broad groupings. The first grouping, "On Latin American Philosophy," brings together three papers that engage Latin American philosophy, particularly as found in Mexican, Columbian, and Venezuelan history and political movements. In "Radicalizing Localization: Notes on Santiago Castro-Gómez's Genealogies of Coloniality," Julian Rios Acuña argues that Columbian philosopher Santiago Castro-Gómez develops a radical method of localization. This method allows Castro-Gómez to transform Foucauldian genealogy into genealogies of coloniality that grapple with the complexities of extreme violence produced by colonialism. In "Stefan Gandler's Renewal of Critical Theory from Latin America," Jake M. Bartholomew argues for a version of Critical Theory that is not bound by Europe but also remains true to its first-generation Marxist roots. Relocating to Mexico and advocating for Mexican philosophers, German-born philosopher Stefan Gandler shows how Latin American philosophy can enrich Critical Theory, providing more than can the second and third generations of Critical Theory because of its ability to analyze capitalism from outside the economic perspectives of the Global North. In "Two Versions of the Mestizo [End Page 238] Model: Toward a Theory of Anti-Blackness in Latin American Thought," Miguel Gualdron Ramirez criticizes the anti-Blackness that he sees at the heart of mestizo models of latinidad, or lo latinoamericano. Focusing on the concepts of liberation offered by Venezuelan theorist and politician Simón Bolívar and Mexican philosopher José de Vasconcelos, Ramirez reveals the exclusion and erasure of Black bodies, lives, and histories that ground their versions of Latinx identity and Latin American history. Together these three articles showcase how Latin American philosophy can enrich and expand the scope of Continental philosophy.The second grouping, "Liberatory Limits and Misalignments," features three articles... (shrink)

Slurs have become a big topic of discussion both in philosophy and in linguistics. Slurs are usually characterised as pejorative terms, co-extensional with other, neutral, terms referring to ethnic or social groups. However, slurs are not the only ethnic/social words with pejorative senses. Our aim in this paper is to introduce a different kind of pejoratives, which we will call “ethnic/social terms used as insults”, as exemplified in Spanish, though present in many other languages and mostly absent in English. These (...) are ethnic terms like gitano, ‘Romani’, which can have an extensional and neutral use, but also a pejorative meaning building on a negative stereotypical representation of the Romani community. (shrink)

This paper reports an experiment that investigates interpretive distinctions between two different expressions of generalization in Spanish. In particular, our aim was to find out when the distinction between generic statements (GS) such as Tigers have stripes and universally quantified statements (UQS) such as All tigers have stripes was acquired in Spanish-speaking children of two different age groups (4/5-year-olds and 8/9-year-olds), and then compare these results with those of adults. The starting point of this research was the semantic distinction between (...) GS and UQS in that the former admit exceptions, unlike the latter. On the other hand, several authors have observed a Generic overgeneralization effect (GOG) consisting in allowing for UQS to be felicitous in the face of exceptions, thus proposing that this “error” stems from GS being defaults (simpler, more easily learned and processed). In the current paper we aimed to test the “Generics as Default” (GaD) hypothesis by comparing GS and UQS in three different age ranges. Our data show that, overall, the accuracy of GS is greater than the accuracy of UQS. Moreover, we also confirm a hypothesized interaction between age and NP type (GS vs UQS). Further, we present several data points that are not predicted by the GaD, including an observed decline in the accuracy of GS in the older group of children as well as in adults, and that children fail at rejecting statements that are not considered to be true generalizations. (shrink)

This volume is the first to focus specifically on experimental studies of the semantics of gradability, scale structure and vagueness. It presents support for and challenges to current formal analyses of these phenomena in view of experimentally collected data, highlighting the ways semantic and pragmatic theory can benefit from experimental methodologies. The papers in the volume contribute to an explicit and detailed account of the use, representation, and online processing of gradable and vague expressions using various kinds of controlled speaker (...) judgment tasks, eye tracking, and ERP. The aim is to strengthen the foundations of experimental semantics and promote interaction between linguists, psycholinguists, psychologists, and philosophers who are interested in the semantics of natural language. Using data representing different languages and a variety of nominal and adjectival constructions, including degree modification and comparatives, the contributions address scale-based classifications of gradable predicates, such as the absolute vs. relative distinction; the nature of the standards for applicability of gradable expressions and the ways in which standards are determined; the nature of dimensions and multidimensionality in the meaning of scalar expressions; and the role of embodiment, subjectivity, and sociolinguistic considerations in the use and understanding of gradable expressions. (shrink)

Much of the climate justice discussion revolves around how the remaining carbon budget should be globally allocated. Some authors defend the unjust enrichment interpretation of the beneficiary pays principle (BPP). According to this principle, those states unjustly enriched from historical emissions should pay. I argue that if the BPP is to be constructed along the lines of the unjust enrichment doctrine, countervailing reasons that might be able to block the existence of a duty of restitution should be assessed. One might (...) think that the duty to provide restitution no longer has moral weight if many benefits were already consumed, if the particular benefits obtained from historical emissions cannot be transferred from one country to another, or if present members of developed countries framed their life plans based upon the expectation of continued possession of those benefits. I show that none of these reasons negate the duty to provide restitution. (shrink)

Two main theories about metacognition are reviewed, each of which claims to provide a better explanation of this phenomenon, while discrediting the other theory as inappropriate. The paper claims that in order to do justice to the complex phenomenon of metacognition, we must distinguish two levels of this capacity—each having a different structure, a different content and a different function within the cognitive architecture. It will be shown that each of the reviewed theories has been trying to explain only one (...) of the two levels and that, consequently, the conflict between them can be dissolved. The paper characterizes the high-level as a rationalizing level where the subject uses concepts and theories to interpret her own behavior and the low-level as a controlling level where the subject exploits epistemic feelings to adjust her cognitive activities. Finally, the paper explores three kinds of interaction between the levels. (shrink)

Mind-wandering seems to be paradigmatically unintentional. However, experimental findings have yielded the paradoxical result that mind-wandering can also be intentional. In this paper, we first present the paradox of intentional mind-wandering and then explain intentional mind-wandering as the intentional omission to control one’s own thoughts. Finally, we present the surrealist method for artistic production to illustrate how intentional omission of control over thoughts can be deployed towards creative endeavors.

In this paper, we examine some basic linguistic abilities in a small sample of adults with minimal receptive vocabulary, whose receptive mental verbal age ranges from 1;2 to 3;10. In particular, we examine whether the participants in our study understand noun phrases consisting of a noun modified by an adjective. We use stimuli that they can recognise by name. Except for one participant, we find that, while all of them understand the noun and adjective in isolation, none seems to understand (...) these noun phrases, which means that they seem to not do linguistic composition. In order to test whether the difficulty is linguistic or conceptual, we ran two other studies, one on concept composition, and the other on iconic symbolic composition (composition of pictograms). Results suggest that linguistic composition is particularly difficult in this population, and that vocabulary breadth may not predict compositional abilities. (shrink)

En el presente artículo se pretende hacer un recorrido por aquellas herramientas metodológicas utilizadas por Foucault para el estudio de la institución educativa disciplinaria y su posible aplicación al nuevo panorama educativo en las sociedades de control. Foucault analiza los discursos y prácticas como formas de poder en la sociedad disciplinaria, los cuales configuran una individualidad determinada: el cuerpo dócil. Tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial, nuevas modalidades de poder dan lugar a la sociedad de control, conformando una individualidad autogobernada. En (...) la educación secundaria actual aparecen tanto formas del régimen disciplinario como del régimen de control. (shrink)

We define a program size complexity function $H^\infty$ as a variant of the prefix-free Kolmogorov complexity, based on Turing monotone machines performing possibly unending computations. We consider definitions of randomness and triviality for sequences in ${\{0,1\}}^\omega$ relative to the $H^\infty$ complexity. We prove that the classes of Martin-Löf random sequences and $H^\infty$-random sequences coincide and that the $H^\infty$-trivial sequences are exactly the recursive ones. We also study some properties of $H^\infty$ and compare it with other complexity functions. In particular, $H^\infty$ (...) is different from $H^A$, the prefix-free complexity of monotone machines with oracle A. (shrink)

There exist two notions of equivalence of behavior between states of a Labelled Markov Process (LMP): state bisimilarity and event bisimilarity. The first one can be considered as an appropriate generalization to continuous spaces of Larsen and Skou’s probabilistic bisimilarity, whereas the second one is characterized by a natural logic. C. Zhou expressed state bisimilarity as the greatest fixed point of an operator that there is such a process with an uncountable Zhou ordinal.

Ao reconhecer a influência do filósofo alemão Jürgen Habermas na área de Ciência da Informação, esta pesquisa questiona especificamente como ela se verifica e se caracteriza na produção científica dos pesquisadores Bolsistas de Produtividade do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). Com o objetivo de destacar as influências do pensador sobre estes pesquisadores em artigos indexados na Base de Dados Referencial de Artigos de Periódicos em Ciência da Informação (Brapci), o estudo realiza o mapeamento da produção dos autores (...) mais proeminentes e mais receptivos entre os citantes de Habermas, para caracterizá-la, destacando: as influências das reflexões do filósofo sobre eles; os principais veículos fontes; os temas de maior destaque; as instituições e a distribuição desses elementos nos 69 artigos do período entre 1987 e 2019. Com esse propósito, realiza procedimentos métricos e utiliza a análise de conteúdo, a partir da leitura dos textos completos dos artigos indexados, organizados e representados em seus elementos relacionais, destacando a intensidade de variáveis como a concentração de frequências, obras citadas, periódicos, instituições e temas. Inicialmente, identifica os bolsistas PQ vinculados à área de CI, caracterizando-os conforme suas especificidades, seleciona da base Brapci os artigos citantes de Habermas, organiza o corpus referente aos artigos de periódicos dos pesquisadores, relaciona-os com os temas e questões habermasianos em seus textos, contextualizando-os conforme uma estrutura representativa multidimensional. Destaca, assim, as principais influências de Habermas sobre os pesquisadores e para analisar numa visão diacrônica as correlações entre os pesquisadores e o autor seminal que os fundamenta, constrói ilustrações representativas dessa evolução. Aponta as condições favoráveis à crítica ao processo de produção do conhecimento, cuja consequência é o desenvolvimento de possibilidades oferecidas ao investigador no seu cotidiano universitário, tendo como instrumentos a Base dos pesquisadores do CNPq da área de CI e a Brapci. Como resultados, destaca as obras Técnica e Ciência como Ideologia (TCI), Teoria do Agir Comunicativo (TAC), Mudança estrutural da esfera pública (MEEP), Conhecimento e Interesse (CeI) e Consciência moral e agir comunicativo (CMAC) como as citadas pela maior diversidade de pesquisadores, relacionando-as com as questões discutidas no corpus analisado. As configurações temáticas mais expressivas ocorrem sobre termos relacionados à teoria da ação comunicativa, como a de maior repercussão na construção do conhecimento da área, e a influência do autor, na produção dos citantes, concentra-se em temas como a esfera pública informacional e a importância do acesso à informação na construção da cidadania, o desempenho das instituições na gestão da informação e seu papel como mediadoras das informações públicas, ativas na transparência das ações do Estado e na consolidação da democracia. Conclui, sugerindo as principais questões a partir dos resultados iniciais, como a dinâmica que envolve uma esfera pública, baseada na sociedade civil e na formação da opinião e da vontade nos complexos parlamentares, bem como na prática de decisão de ambientes institucionais, como forma de exercício habermasiano de política deliberativa. (shrink)

La potencia tutelar burocrática asume la custodia de una masa amorfa. Frente a ella ha de afirmarse una sociedad civil a partir de núcleos de ciudadanos activos. El motor de esta ciudadanía es la formación de un núcleo básico de creencias -«lo sagrados-e- que desempeña un papel comparable, en cuanto a capacidad de movilización, al de las viejas religiones. Lo sagrado «laico» o «filosófico» apunta a aquello que el hombre puede considerar perdurable y conferir sentido a su existencia.

Using data from the 2010 Brazilian census, this paper aims to describe the religious profile of the indigenous population in Brazil. We analyzed information from more than 800,000 individuals. Our results show that indigenous population is mostly Christian that are separated into Catholics and Evangelicals. Moreover, we found a reduced number of people who declared themselves belonging to indigenous traditional religions. Finally, we present the religious profile of the indigenous population according to region, place of residence, age, and schooling.

Celebrates the 50th anniversary of the publication of one of the most important philosophical works in the 20th century with essays by most of the leading figures in contemporary hermeneutic theory.

En el presente trabajo abordaremos el tema del movimiento local en relación con la cuestión de la caída libre de los cuerpos, según lo expone Duns Escoto en su comentario a las Sentencias. Su explicación se basa en la doctrina formulada por Aristóteles, especialmente en Física, VIII, 4, 255a3-18. El Doctor Sutil examina la relación causal entre motor y móvil, que será la clave para resolver la cuestión planteada. Expondrá entonces la diferencia esencial que encuentra entre las acciones unívocas y (...) equívocas. Las primeras suponen que el sujeto causa en el paciente una forma de la misma ratio que él mismo; por otro lado, las acciones equívocas se caracterizan por la producción de una forma de ratio distinta en el paciente. La solución escotista propone que los cuerpos en caída libre tienen movimiento desde sí mismos, conclusión original con la cual se separa de la tradición anterior. Para ello delineará diferentes argumentos, destacando la necesidad de establecer el principio de movimiento dentro del mismo sujeto que lo padece. Esta explicación se completará con la comprensión de los cuerpos en caída libre como un caso de acción equívoca, en la que motor y móvil se identifican. (shrink)

Resumen Juan Duns Escoto configura su pensamiento filosófico desde una perspectiva cristiana, en la que la acción divina omnipotente crea y conserva las criaturas. Toda obra del creador ad extra es contingente, de manera que la realidad física recibe ese añadido en el nivel ontológico y operativo. Los objetivos de este trabajo son dos: determinar el alcance y la modalidad en que la potentia Dei actúa sobre el mundo natural según el Doctor Sutil y resolver una posible inconsistencia cuando este (...) pensador analiza la capacidad del homo viator para alcanzar certeza en el conocimiento experiencial.John Duns Scotus molds his philosophical thought from a Christian perspective, in which an omnipotent divine action creates and preserves creatures. All what the creator produces ad extra is contingent, so whatever is added to physical reality belongs to an ontological and operational level. This paper aims to determine the extent and manner in which, according to the Doctor Subtilis, the potentia Dei operates on the natural world and to resolve a possible inconsistency when Scotus analyzes the ability of the homo viator to achieve certainty in the experiential knowledge. (shrink)

Este artículo se enfoca en la concepción kantiana de un derecho de guerra, en particular en la controversial figura del enemigo injusto del apartado “Derecho de gentes” de la Rechtslehre, que ha dado pie a que se considere a Kant un teórico de la guerra justa (e. g. Carl Schmitt y B. Orend). Rechazo dicha interpretación y defiendo que al filósofo alemán no se le puede colocar esta etiqueta sin desvirtuar su visión crítica de la guerra, lo que supone comprender, (...) por una parte, la función de esta en el progreso de la humanidad, y, por otra, aceptar el veto de la razón práctica que la prohíbe. Con ese propósito retomo la defensa que hace Howard Williams frente a B. Orend e intento imprimir mayor fuerza a su argumento incorporando la noción de “ley permisiva” al derecho de guerra que se emprende contra el enemigo injusto. (shrink)

In a world of increasing right-wing populism, global capitalism, and a climate emergency, leading thinkers come together to interrogate the meaning and practice of being outspoken. The violence, nativism, persecution, and social hostilities of the twenty-first century demand a call to order: philosophical and theoretical communities must commit their intellectual resources to confronting and articulating the structures, desires, and resentment driving the dismantling of democratic values. Action in the absence of understanding and political vision devoid of inclusive ideas are all (...) the more vulnerable to taking a reactionary turn. Contributors to this volume challenge the return of fascism, dehumanization of immigrants, distrust of science, intolerance of fair and equitable economic models, and suspicion of inclusive political platforms. All, in their own way, tackle the burning question of how we might reimagine twenty-first-century life in the face of divisive forces. Outspoken includes essays by some of the world’s most radical thinkers – Rosi Braidotti, Henry A. Giroux, Amelia Jones, and Slavoj Žižek, among others – who together chart multiple progressive courses for political antagonism and social intervention. (shrink)

En este estudio se presentan las líneas directrices de una investigación que se propone analizar el sentido y el significado que se otorga a los conceptos de “bien común” e “interés general” en la retórica de los poderes públicos de nuestro tiempo. A continuación, trata de dar respuesta al interrogante de si ambos conceptos son perfectamente intercambiables en el debate público o, por el contrario, estamos ante conceptos que proceden de presupuestos antagónicos.

In this interview Vattimo discusses with Zabala the possibility of a nihilist philosophy of law as an alternative to the idea of justice and the violence that predictably results from it. To make this substitution would involve the redirection of humanity away from its self-understanding as progressively approaching a metaphysical truth that is eternal and toward the acceptance of an already existing “polytheism of values,” where truth is a contingent and changing product of discursiveness. A society that structures its legal (...) system on what Vattimo terms “optimistic nihilism” would dismiss any urge for the unity and strength supposedly characteristic of monoculturalism and univocal values. Such cohesion as is possible must come from flexibility, responsiveness to contingency, and an openness to multivocal values. “To apply justice to human affairs,” Vattimo argues, is no more than “to adjust things” as conditions change. (shrink)

El presente texto en que Augusto A. Bolívar entrevista a Norbert Lechner, se profundiza sobre un conjunto de temas tales como los de “heterogeneidad estructural” y “hegemonía externa”, la distinción entre modernización y modernidad, “racionalidad normativa”, la tensión entre voluntad y necesidad y entre acción y condicionamiento, la autoproducción como comunidad de la sociedad moderna, las distinciones entre lo político con lo estatal y con lo público, lo que lleva a un análisis de la nueva ciudadanía, y finalmente se (...) aborda el desafío de los procesos de la modernidad y la modernización en el caso chileno, abordando sus tensiones junto a las propuestas para resolverlas. (shrink)

El capital social, si bien corresponde a una categoría nacida de la economía política clásica y, en particular, empleada por Karl Marx, en su versión contemporánea se muestra en la combinación del capital físico y el capital humano en el contexto de la teoría de la economía de bienestar. En la primera parte se expone la cuestión conceptual y en la segunda se expone el capital humano en un modelo de crecimiento de Convergencia. Se consideran los niveles de escolaridad promedio (...) en los asentamientos irregulares de la Delegación Milpa Alta en el Distrito Federal entre 2000-2005 y se proyectan las tasas al 2020 que mantiene los resultados de Convergencia obtenidos en el modelo para el 2000-2005, demostrando la relación entre valor, trabajo, educación y crecimiento. (shrink)

La perspectiva teórica del Capital, del siglo XIX, aparece alejada del capital social del siglo XXI. Ambas, con la misma raíz, sin embargo, pareciera que no se tocan, ni teórica ni prácticamente. Quizás, sería pertinente escudriñar esta relación.Desde la década de los noventa, el tema del “capital social” ha sido visto por muchos estudiosos de la realidad social contemporánea como una propuesta promisoria, transversal y hegemónica. Tanto desde la economía, las ciencias morales, la ciencia y..

Este artículo expone algunos antecedentes sobre el origen y las vertientes actuales del campo del capital social en las ciencias sociales en tanto instrumento analítico de la realidad social. Trata de los fundadores y de sus posiciones, así como de los trabajos emprendidos desde las organizaciones internacionales, especialmente, el Banco Mundial. Discute sobre las dimensiones e indicadores, señalando los principales aportes y los desafíos necesarios de considerar.

A partir de una discusión sobre el concepto de pobreza desde la perspectiva de las necesidades, absoluta y relativa, y su satisfacción, se exponen estrategias metodológicas y alternativas para su medición. Considerando zonas espaciales, se estima la pobreza territorial para las delegaciones del Distrito Federal sincrónica y diacrónicamente en el periodo 2000-2040. Se hace uso del método de ESNBI a fin de comparar espacios territoriales demarcados por una división política, lo cual se desarrolla a través de variables de Necesidades Básicas (...) o variables directas y un indicador de feminización de la pobreza. A las variables seleccionadas se les da un tratamiento con base en el Método de Componentes Principales que da como resultado un índice de pobreza. (shrink)